Europe to make more hardware for American Moon missions

Europe will be building a further three service modules for the US space agency's (Nasa) Orion crew capsule.The module is the "back end" of the American astronaut vehicle, and provides propulsion and electrical power, as well as life-supporting supplies of water and oxygen.Europe had already committed to build three service modules.Tuesday's contract between the European Space Agency (Esa) and Airbus takes the total number now to six.All the European Service Modules (ESMs) be used on Nasa's Artemis missions. Artemis is the follow-up to Apollo and will see astronauts once again walk on the surface of the Moon, as well as operating a station in lunar orbit called the Gateway.The firm, fixed-price contract with aerospace manufacturer Airbus is worth in excess of €650m (£580m; $790m).Nasa finds cause of 'megarocket' test shutdownEurope steps up contributions to Artemis Moon planUK signs up to Nasa's Moon exploration principlesIMAGE COPYRIGHTAIRBUSimage captionThe European service modules are assembled in Bremen, GermanyUnder the barter arrangement Esa has with Nasa, no cash crosses the Atlantic - only hardware contributions.The ESMs, and the promise of European modules for the Gateway, go towards covering the costs of European astronaut and scientific access to the International Space Station and, in future, to the Artemis programme itself."We've secured three seats on Orion already through our participation in the Gateway. And if we can make further contributions to Artemis, this opens the door to European astronauts to get to the surface of the Moon," explained Dr David Parker, Esa's director of human and robotic Exploration.ESMs are assembled in Bremen, Germany, before being shipped to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida to be integrated with the crew capsule itself. The combined vehicle is designed to launch on a big new rocket called the Space Launch System (SLS).This, currently, is going through final testing, including a critical second "static fire" of its main core section and engines later this month. A first firing, undertaken in January, was aborted early when sensors detected "conservative" parameters being breached in the behaviour of the core's hydraulics systems.If the next test passes without incident, it should clear the way for the SLS to launch before the end of the year on what's called the Artemis-1 mission. This will send an uncrewed version of Orion/ESM around the Moon.Artemis-2 would repeat this, but with astronauts onboard. Artemis-3 is the is the key mission that would actually take humans back to the lunar surface.