Brave New World Novel by Aldous Huxley

Brave New World is a dystopian social science fiction novel by English author Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Largely set in a futuristic World State, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientific advancements in reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation and classical conditioning that are combined to make a dystopian society which is challenged by only a single individual: the story's protagonist. Huxley followed this book with a reassessment in essay form, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his final novel, Island (1962), the utopian counterpart. The novel is often compared to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (published 1949).In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World at number 5 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In 2003, Robert McCrum, writing for The Observer, included Brave New World chronologically at number 53 in "the top 100 greatest novels of all time",and the novel was listed at number 87 on The Big Read survey by the BBC.The title Brave New World derives from Miranda's speech in William Shakespeare's The Tempest, Act V, Scene I:O wonder!How many goodly creatures are there here!How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,That has such people in't.— William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act V, Scene I, ll. 203–206[6]Shakespeare's use of the phrase is intended ironically because the speaker's innocence means she fails to recognize the evil nature of the island's visitors.Translations of the title often allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes (The Best of All Worlds), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz[8] and satirised in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759).